Controlling for socioeconomic status and academic potential, an average student in a very high-achieving school had lower academic self-conceptions versus an average student at a more typical school. Ī frame of reference context can be applied to look at the frog pond effect in regards to self perceptions in schools where comparing students from a nationwide sample, there were slightly negative influences of self-esteem and academic ability given the school environment. Called the local dominance effect, this is the tendency for people to focus on the comparisons of few people around them rather than many people not as close, in regards to their self-perceptions. The closer intragroup context has more weight than the farther away intergroup comparison. When evaluating oneself against in-group members versus out-group members, there is a tendency towards contextual neglect for available information, where people place more weight on their position within their group, rather than the larger general population. McFarland and Buehler theorized that the effect happens because individuals self-monitor within-group rather than compare across groups. His main findings related to how men made career decisions more closely related to their undergraduate GPA, rather than the actual quality of the school they attended, showing that students evaluated their performance as worse based on comparison to high-performing peers from their school, versus comparing their school advantageously to other schools. Davis suggested that when students are surrounded by very high-achieving classmates, they may then develop lower aspirations. Davis first noticed this effect in 1966 in relation to college students' ambition and the impact of their local rank based on the environment they were surrounded by, i.e., they can see themselves as "big frogs in little ponds or little frogs in big ponds". It relates to how individuals evaluate themselves based on comparisons to other people around them, and is generally due to upward comparisons toward people who are better than themselves. This effect is a part of the wider social comparison theory. The frog pond effect is the theory that individuals evaluate themselves as worse than they actually are when in a group of higher-performing individuals. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article.
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